环境微生物学

ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY - 1 -Chapter 1 Introduction 71.1 Environmental Microbiology as a Discipline 71.2 Presence of Microbes in Our lives 91.2.1 Microbes in Our Body 91.2.2 Microbes in the Atmosphere 91.2.3 Microbes in Soil 101.2.4 Microbes in Water 101.2.5 Microbes of Plants 111.2.6 Microbes of Animal Origin 111.3 An Historical Perspective 121.4 Modern Environmental Microbiology 14Chapter 2 Non-cellular Life: Viruses 182.1 General Characteristics and Classification of Viruses 182.1.1 Characteristics of viruses 182.1.2 Classification of viruses 182.2 Virus Morphology and Structure 192.2.1 Morphology and size of virus 202.2.2 Chemical composition and structure of virus 202.3 Virus Propagation 222.3.1 Reproduction process of virus 222.3.2 Lysogenicity of virus 232.4 Virus Cultivation 242.4.1 Culture characteristics of viruses 242.4.2 Culture medium for viruses 252.4.3 The cultivation of viruses 252.5 Resistance to Physical and Chemical Affects and Removal of Virus from Sewage Treatment Processes 272.5.1 Resistance of virus to physical factors 272.5.2 Resistance of virus to chemical factors 282.5.3 Viruses resistant to antibacterial substances 292.5.4 Virus survival in environment and its removal in sewage treatment process 29Chapter 3 Prokaryotic Microorganisms 323.1 Bacteria 323.1.1 Morphology and size of bacteria 323.1.2 Cell structure of bacteria 403.1.3 Characteristics of bacterial culture 493.1.4 Physical and chemical properties of bacteria 523.2 Archaea 563.2.1 Characteristics of archaea 573.2.2 Classification of archaea 583.3 Actinomycetes 613.3.1 Morphology and size of actinomycete 623.3.2 Colony morphology of actinomycetes 643.3.3 Actinomycetes reproduction 643.4 Cyanobacteria 643.4.1 Chroococcophyceae 663.4.2 Hormogonophyceae 663.5 Spirochete 663.6 Rickettsia and Mycoplasma 673.6.1 Rickettsia 673.6.2 Mycoplasma 67Chapter 4 Eukaryotic Microorganism 694.1 Protozoa 694.1.1 General characteristics of protozoa 694.1.2 Classification of protozoa 704.1.3 Cyst of protozoa 774.2 Miniature Metazoa 774.2.1 Rotifer 774.2.2 Nematode 794.2.3 Oligochaetes 794.2.4 Crustacean plankton 794.2.5 Bryozoan and Plumatella 804.3 Algae 814.3.1 General characteristics of algae 814.3.2 Classification and characteristics of algae 814.4 Fungus 874.4.1 Yeast 874.4.2 Mold 914.4.3 Agaricales 96Chapter 5 Microbial metabolism 985.1 Overview of microbial metabolism 985.2 Microbial enzymes and enzymatic reactions 985.2.1 The composition of enzyme 995.2.2 Several important prothetic groups and coenzymes 995.2.3 Structure of zymoprotein 1025.2.4 Active site of enzyme 1035.2.5 Catalytic properties of enzyme 1035.2.6 Factors affect the enzymatic reaction rate 1055.2.7 Environmental applications of microbial enzymes 1085.3 Microbial energy metabolism 1095.3.1 Biological oxidation and energy generation of microorganisms 1095.3.2 Biological oxidation types and energy-producing metabolism 1105.3.3 Other metabolic pathways 1125.4 Microbial anabolism 1125.4.1 Anabolism of methanogens 1125.4.2 Anabolism of chemoautotroph 1135.4.3 Photosynthesis 1135.4.4 Anabolism of heterotrophic microorganisms 115References 115Chapter 6 Microbial nutrition and growth 1166.1 Microbial nutrition 1166.1.1 Cellular compositions 1166.1.2 Nutrients and trophic types of microorganisms 1176.1.3 Ratio of carbon, nitrogen 1226.1.4 Types of culture medium 1226.1.5 The way nutrients enter microbial cells 1236.2 Microbial growth 1256.2.1 Microbial growth 1266.2.2 Microbial cultivation 1266.2.3 Growth in natural environment 1326.2.4 Methods for determination of microbial growth 1346.3 Effects of environmental factors on microbial growth 1356.3.1 Temperature 1356.3.2 pH 1366.3.3 Redox potential 1386.3.4 Dissolved oxygen 1386.3.5 Solar radiation 1416.3.6 Water activity and osmotic pressure 1426.3.7 Surface tension 1436.4 Relationship between microbial nutrition and biological wastewater treatment 1436.4.1 Mechanism of microbial wastewater treatment 1436.4.2 Microbial purifying functions 1436.4.3 Biochemical oxygen demand and its application in biological wastewater treatment 1446.4.4 Nutrient deficiency and biological wastewater treatment 1446.4.5 Deficiency of trace elements and biological wastewater treatment 145References 145Chapter 7 Microbial Genetics and Mutation Objectives 1487.1 Microbial Genetics 1487.1.1 Confirmation of Genetic Material 1487.1.2 The Composition and Structure of Nucleic Acid 1497.1.3 DNA Replication 1537.1.4 Denaturation of DNA 1567.1.5 the Transmission of Genetic Information 1577.2 Microbial Mutations 1597.2.1 Mechanisms of mutation 1597.2.2 Causes of Mutations 1607.2.3 The main Mutation types of procaryote 1607.3 Applications of Microbial Genetics in Environment Engineering 164Chapter 8 Microbial ecology 1698.1 Ecosystem 1698.1.1 Ecosystem and biosphere 1698.1.2 Ecological equilibrium 1708.1.3 Classification of ecosystem 1718.2 Soil microbial ecology 1718.2.1 Ecological conditions in soil 1718.2.2 Microorganisms in soil 1728.2.3 Functions of microorganisms in soil 1728.2.4 Soil contamination and the microbial ecology 1738.3 Atmospheric microbial ecology 1748.3.1 Ecological conditions in air 1748.3.2 Species, amount and distribution of airborne microbes 1748.3.3 Hygienic standard of air microorganism and biological cleaning technology 1758.4 Aquatic microbial ecology 1758.4.1 The aquatic environments 1758.4.2 Sources of the aquatic microorganisms 1758.4.3 Some aquatic microorganisms 1768.4.4 Water pollution and the microbial ecology 1778.4.5 Eutrophication 1798.5 Relationships among microorganisms 1808.5.1 Competition 1808.5.2 Protocooperation 1808.5.3 Symbiosis 1808.5.4 Amensalism 1818.5.5 Predation 1818.5.6 Parasitism 1818.6 Environmental self-purification and pollution control engineering 1818.6.1 Soil self-purification and remediation 1818.6.2 Self-purification of water body 184References 186Chapter 9 Biogeochemical Cycling 1879.1 Water Cycle 1889.2 Carbon Cycle 1899.2.1 The biological carbon cycle 1909.2.2 The geological carbon cycle 1909.3 The nitrogen cycle 1919.3.1 Nitrogen cycle mechanism 1929.3.2 Nitrogen cycling in marine ecosystems 1929.3.3 Human activity affects cycling of nitrogen 1939.4 Sulfur cycle 1939.4.1 Mechanism of sulfur cycle 1939.5 Heavy Metal Cycle 194Chapter 10 Microbiology principle to control water pollution 20010.1 Microorganism and ecosystem in the wastewater biological treatment 20010.1.1 Aerobic activated sludge process 20010.1.2 Aerobic biofilm process 21010.2 Activated Sludge Filamentous bulking 21510.2.1 Causes of Filamentous bulking of Activated Sludge 21610.2.2 Countermeasure for Controlling Filamentous bulking of Activated Sludge 22210.3 Microbial Community of Activated Sludge and Biofilm in Anaerobic Environment 22310.3.1 Anaerobic biological treatment 22310.3.2 Anaerobic biological treatment theory and mechanism 224Chapter 11 Microbiology Principles for advanced treatment of wastewater and pretreatment of micro-pollution water 23111.1 Advanced treatment of wastewater—principles of nitrogen removal, phosphorus removal and microbiology 23111.1.1 Purpose and significance of nitrogen and phosphorus removal in wastewater 23111.1.2 Sources of nitrogen and phosphorus in natural water bodies 23211.1.3 Principle, microorganism and technology of nitrogen removal 23211.1.4 Principle and technology of microbial phosphorus removal 24711.2 Microbiology Principle for pretreatment of micro-polluted water 25111.2.1 Purpose and significance 25111.2.2 Microbial pretreatment and microbial community 25211.3 Function of microorganisms and aquatic plants in constructed wetlands to purify (waste) water 25311.3.1 Constructed wetland ecosystem 25311.3.2 The basic principle of purification of waste water by constructed wetlands 25411.4 Disinfection of drinking water and its microbial effects 25611.4.1 The importance of water disinfection 25611.4.2 Water disinfection method 257Chapter 12 Microbial treatment of organic solid waste and waste gas and its microbial community 26112.1 Principles of Microbial Treatment and Resource Utilization of Organic Waste 26312.1.1 Aerobic composting 26512.1.2 Anaerobic composting 26912.1.3 Security Landfill 27012.1.4 Anaerobic fermentation 27212.2 Technology of organic solid waste and microbial community 27212.2.1 Aerobic composting technology 27212.2.2 Influence factor 27312.2.3 Microbial community in aerobic composting 27512.2.4 Anaerobic composting technology principle 27712.2.5 Microbial community in anaerobic treatment 28112.2.6 Microbial community in anaerobic fermentation 28612.3 Microbial Effects in Resource Processes 28812.3.1 Microbial effects of aerobic composting 288Chapter 13 Application of New Microbiological Technologies in Environmental Engineering 29313.1 Application of Immobilized Enzymes and Immobilized Microorganisms in Environmental Engineering 29313.1.1 Formulation of enzyme preparations 29313.1.2 Extraction of enzymes 29413.1.3 Purification steps of enzymes 29513.1.4 Immonilization methods of Enzymes and Microorganism 29613.1.5Application prospects of immobilized enzymes and immobilized microorganisms in environmental engineering 29713.2 Development and Application of Microbial Extracellular Polymers 29913.2.1 Development and Application of Biosurfactants and Bioemulsifiers 30013.2.2 Microbial self-flocculation and precipitation 30013.2.3 Development and Application of Microbial Flocculants and Precipitators 30113.2.4 Principles of Microbial Flocculants and Precipitators 30213.3 Development and application of dominant strains and microbial preparations 30213.3.1 Dominant strains 30213.3.2 Selection steps of dominant strains and preparation of bacterial agents 30313.3.3 Application of Microbial Agents 30313.3.4 Usage of Microbial Agents 30313.4 Energy Generated by Microorganisms 30413.4.1 Energy Types Produced by Microorganisms 30413.4.2 Microorganisms that produce hydrogen 30413.4.3 Microbial hydrogen-producing fuel cells 306