地理空间大数据分析方法与应用

第 1 章地理空间大数据概念内涵···································································1 1.1 大数据概念与发展现状············································································1 1.1.1 大数据的发展简史········································································1 1.1.2 大数据的定义内涵········································································3 1.1.3 大数据的特点················································································6 1.2 大数据的技术路线····················································································7 1.2.1 数据采集························································································7 1.2.2 数据清洗························································································8 1.2.3 数据标注························································································9 1.2.4 组织关联························································································9 1.2.5 数据挖掘······················································································10 1.2.6 可视化··························································································11 1.3 大数据的典型应用··················································································12 1.4 地理空间大数据的概念内涵··································································14 1.4.1 地理空间大数据的认知······························································14 1.4.2 地理空间大数据的特点······························································15 1.4.3 地理空间大数据的技术······························································15 1.4.4 地理空间大数据的应用······························································17 第 2 章地理空间大数据基础设施·································································20 2.1 IT 基础设施·····························································································20 2.1.1 计算设备······················································································20 2.1.2 操作系统······················································································23 2.1.3 存储设备······················································································25 2.1.4 文件系统······················································································27 2.1.5 数据库··························································································28 2.1.6 网络设施······················································································31 2.2 大数据基础设施······················································································32 2.2.1 虚拟化··························································································32 VI 2.2.2 容器······························································································40 2.2.3 微服务··························································································42 2.2.4 云计算··························································································43 2.3 地理空间大数据基础设施······································································53 第 3 章地理空间大数据组织关联·································································55 3.1 数据组织和关联······················································································55 3.1.1 数据组织关联的概念内涵··························································55 3.1.2 数据组织关联的发展历程··························································55 3.2 大数据组织和关联··················································································64 3.2.1 大数据组织关联的独特性··························································64 3.2.2 大数据组织关联的挑战······························································64 3.2.3 大数据组织关联基础流程··························································65 3.2.4 数据清洗······················································································66 3.2.5 数据标注······················································································69 3.2.6 数据组织······················································································75 3.2.7 数据关联······················································································82 3.2.8 图数据库······················································································89 3.3 地理空间大数据组织和关联··································································92 3.3.1 地理空间大数据组织管理框架··················································93 3.3.2 地理空间坐标系统和投影方式··················································93 3.3.3 地理空间统一时空框架······························································95 3.3.4 基础和承载数据标注··································································96 3.3.5 地理空间数据组织······································································99 3.3.6 地理空间数据关联····································································103 3.4 地理空间大数据组织关联应用····························································105 3.4.1 图谱构建····················································································105 3.4.2 知识图谱应用············································································129 3.5 小结········································································································137 第 4 章地理空间大数据智能分析·······························································138 4.1 智能技术概述························································································138 4.1.1 智能分析的概念内涵································································138 4.1.2 人工智能大事记········································································139 4.1.3 深度学习发展历程····································································141 4.1.4 智能产业发展现状····································································143 VII 4.2 大数据智能分析技术············································································145 4.2.1 智能分析经典理论····································································145 4.2.4 深度学习基本思想····································································146 4.2.5 深度学习主流模型····································································148 4.2.6 深度学习主要框架····································································183 4.2.7 增强学习及其他········································································194 4.3 地理空间大数据智能分析技术····························································204 4.3.1 多任务深度学习框架································································205 4.3.2 样本数据采集制作····································································207 4.3.4 基于深度学习的遥感图像解译················································209 4.4 小结········································································································215 第 5 章地理空间大数据可视化···································································216 5.1 可视化概述····························································································216 5.1.1 可视化的概念内涵····································································218 5.1.2 大数据可视化的挑战与机遇····················································219 5.1.3 大数据可视化工具····································································222 5.2 基础数据可视化····················································································222 5.2.1 矢量点························································································223 5.2.2 矢量线························································································224 5.2.3 矢量区域····················································································226 5.2.4 影像地图····················································································228 5.2.5 地形地貌····················································································228 5.2.6 环境····················································································231 5.2.7 场································································································232 5.3 承载数据可视化····················································································235 5.3.1 轨迹····························································································235 5.3.2 富媒体························································································237 5.3.3 赛博····························································································243 5.4 融合数据展现························································································247 5.4.1 视图关联····················································································248 5.4.2 图层管理····················································································250 5.4.3 层级关联····················································································251 5.4.4 网络关联····················································································255 5.4.5 时间关联····················································································259 VIII 5.5 大数据可视分析····················································································261 5.5.1 地理空间人机交互····································································261 5.5.2 面向方法的可视分析技术························································266 5.5.3 面向应用的可视分析技术························································274 5.5.4 地理空间可视分析工具····························································276 5.6 小结········································································································277 第 6 章地理空间大数据典型应用·······························································278 6.1 应用概述································································································278 6.2 国土资源领域························································································278 6.2.1 需求背景····················································································278 6.2.2 技术方案····················································································279 6.2.3 应用效益····················································································285 6.3 交通运输领域························································································287 6.3.1 需求背景····················································································287 6.3.2 技术方案····················································································290 6.3.3 应用效益····················································································298 6.4 水利环保领域························································································301 6.4.1 需求背景····················································································301 6.4.2 技术方案····················································································302 6.4.3 应用效益····················································································312 6.5 城市建设领域························································································316 6.5.1 需求背景····················································································316 6.5.2 技术方案····················································································318 6.5.3 应用效益····················································································322 6.6 国防安全领域························································································327 6.6.1 需求背景····················································································327 6.6.2 技术方案····················································································329 6.6.3 应用效益····················································································334 6.7 小结········································································································341 中外文参考文献·································